/* * FFT code. * * ==========================(LICENSE BEGIN)============================ * * Copyright (c) 2017-2019 Falcon Project * * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining * a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the * "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including * without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, * distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to * permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to * the following conditions: * * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. * * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY * CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, * TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE * SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. * * ===========================(LICENSE END)============================= * * @author Thomas Pornin */ #include "inner.h" /* * Rules for complex number macros: * -------------------------------- * * Operand order is: destination, source1, source2... * * Each operand is a real and an imaginary part. * * All overlaps are allowed. */ /* * Addition of two complex numbers (d = a + b). */ #define FPC_ADD(d_re, d_im, a_re, a_im, b_re, b_im) do { \ fpr fpct_re, fpct_im; \ fpct_re = fpr_add(a_re, b_re); \ fpct_im = fpr_add(a_im, b_im); \ (d_re) = fpct_re; \ (d_im) = fpct_im; \ } while (0) /* * Subtraction of two complex numbers (d = a - b). */ #define FPC_SUB(d_re, d_im, a_re, a_im, b_re, b_im) do { \ fpr fpct_re, fpct_im; \ fpct_re = fpr_sub(a_re, b_re); \ fpct_im = fpr_sub(a_im, b_im); \ (d_re) = fpct_re; \ (d_im) = fpct_im; \ } while (0) /* * Multplication of two complex numbers (d = a * b). */ #define FPC_MUL(d_re, d_im, a_re, a_im, b_re, b_im) do { \ fpr fpct_a_re, fpct_a_im; \ fpr fpct_b_re, fpct_b_im; \ fpr fpct_d_re, fpct_d_im; \ fpct_a_re = (a_re); \ fpct_a_im = (a_im); \ fpct_b_re = (b_re); \ fpct_b_im = (b_im); \ fpct_d_re = fpr_sub( \ fpr_mul(fpct_a_re, fpct_b_re), \ fpr_mul(fpct_a_im, fpct_b_im)); \ fpct_d_im = fpr_add( \ fpr_mul(fpct_a_re, fpct_b_im), \ fpr_mul(fpct_a_im, fpct_b_re)); \ (d_re) = fpct_d_re; \ (d_im) = fpct_d_im; \ } while (0) /* * Squaring of a complex number (d = a * a). */ #define FPC_SQR(d_re, d_im, a_re, a_im) do { \ fpr fpct_a_re, fpct_a_im; \ fpr fpct_d_re, fpct_d_im; \ fpct_a_re = (a_re); \ fpct_a_im = (a_im); \ fpct_d_re = fpr_sub(fpr_sqr(fpct_a_re), fpr_sqr(fpct_a_im)); \ fpct_d_im = fpr_double(fpr_mul(fpct_a_re, fpct_a_im)); \ (d_re) = fpct_d_re; \ (d_im) = fpct_d_im; \ } while (0) /* * Inversion of a complex number (d = 1 / a). */ #define FPC_INV(d_re, d_im, a_re, a_im) do { \ fpr fpct_a_re, fpct_a_im; \ fpr fpct_d_re, fpct_d_im; \ fpr fpct_m; \ fpct_a_re = (a_re); \ fpct_a_im = (a_im); \ fpct_m = fpr_add(fpr_sqr(fpct_a_re), fpr_sqr(fpct_a_im)); \ fpct_m = fpr_inv(fpct_m); \ fpct_d_re = fpr_mul(fpct_a_re, fpct_m); \ fpct_d_im = fpr_mul(fpr_neg(fpct_a_im), fpct_m); \ (d_re) = fpct_d_re; \ (d_im) = fpct_d_im; \ } while (0) /* * Division of complex numbers (d = a / b). */ #define FPC_DIV(d_re, d_im, a_re, a_im, b_re, b_im) do { \ fpr fpct_a_re, fpct_a_im; \ fpr fpct_b_re, fpct_b_im; \ fpr fpct_d_re, fpct_d_im; \ fpr fpct_m; \ fpct_a_re = (a_re); \ fpct_a_im = (a_im); \ fpct_b_re = (b_re); \ fpct_b_im = (b_im); \ fpct_m = fpr_add(fpr_sqr(fpct_b_re), fpr_sqr(fpct_b_im)); \ fpct_m = fpr_inv(fpct_m); \ fpct_b_re = fpr_mul(fpct_b_re, fpct_m); \ fpct_b_im = fpr_mul(fpr_neg(fpct_b_im), fpct_m); \ fpct_d_re = fpr_sub( \ fpr_mul(fpct_a_re, fpct_b_re), \ fpr_mul(fpct_a_im, fpct_b_im)); \ fpct_d_im = fpr_add( \ fpr_mul(fpct_a_re, fpct_b_im), \ fpr_mul(fpct_a_im, fpct_b_re)); \ (d_re) = fpct_d_re; \ (d_im) = fpct_d_im; \ } while (0) /* * Let w = exp(i*pi/N); w is a primitive 2N-th root of 1. We define the * values w_j = w^(2j+1) for all j from 0 to N-1: these are the roots * of X^N+1 in the field of complex numbers. A crucial property is that * w_{N-1-j} = conj(w_j) = 1/w_j for all j. * * FFT representation of a polynomial f (taken modulo X^N+1) is the * set of values f(w_j). Since f is real, conj(f(w_j)) = f(conj(w_j)), * thus f(w_{N-1-j}) = conj(f(w_j)). We thus store only half the values, * for j = 0 to N/2-1; the other half can be recomputed easily when (if) * needed. A consequence is that FFT representation has the same size * as normal representation: N/2 complex numbers use N real numbers (each * complex number is the combination of a real and an imaginary part). * * We use a specific ordering which makes computations easier. Let rev() * be the bit-reversal function over log(N) bits. For j in 0..N/2-1, we * store the real and imaginary parts of f(w_j) in slots: * * Re(f(w_j)) -> slot rev(j)/2 * Im(f(w_j)) -> slot rev(j)/2+N/2 * * (Note that rev(j) is even for j < N/2.) */ /* see inner.h */ void PQCLEAN_FALCON512_CLEAN_FFT(fpr *f, unsigned logn) { /* * FFT algorithm in bit-reversal order uses the following * iterative algorithm: * * t = N * for m = 1; m < N; m *= 2: * ht = t/2 * for i1 = 0; i1 < m; i1 ++: * j1 = i1 * t * s = GM[m + i1] * for j = j1; j < (j1 + ht); j ++: * x = f[j] * y = s * f[j + ht] * f[j] = x + y * f[j + ht] = x - y * t = ht * * GM[k] contains w^rev(k) for primitive root w = exp(i*pi/N). * * In the description above, f[] is supposed to contain complex * numbers. In our in-memory representation, the real and * imaginary parts of f[k] are in array slots k and k+N/2. * * We only keep the first half of the complex numbers. We can * see that after the first iteration, the first and second halves * of the array of complex numbers have separate lives, so we * simply ignore the second part. */ unsigned u; size_t t, n, hn, m; /* * First iteration: compute f[j] + i * f[j+N/2] for all j < N/2 * (because GM[1] = w^rev(1) = w^(N/2) = i). * In our chosen representation, this is a no-op: everything is * already where it should be. */ /* * Subsequent iterations are truncated to use only the first * half of values. */ n = (size_t)1 << logn; hn = n >> 1; t = hn; for (u = 1, m = 2; u < logn; u ++, m <<= 1) { size_t ht, hm, i1, j1; ht = t >> 1; hm = m >> 1; for (i1 = 0, j1 = 0; i1 < hm; i1 ++, j1 += t) { size_t j, j2; j2 = j1 + ht; fpr s_re, s_im; s_re = fpr_gm_tab[((m + i1) << 1) + 0]; s_im = fpr_gm_tab[((m + i1) << 1) + 1]; for (j = j1; j < j2; j ++) { fpr x_re, x_im, y_re, y_im; x_re = f[j]; x_im = f[j + hn]; y_re = f[j + ht]; y_im = f[j + ht + hn]; FPC_MUL(y_re, y_im, y_re, y_im, s_re, s_im); FPC_ADD(f[j], f[j + hn], x_re, x_im, y_re, y_im); FPC_SUB(f[j + ht], f[j + ht + hn], x_re, x_im, y_re, y_im); } } t = ht; } } /* see inner.h */ void PQCLEAN_FALCON512_CLEAN_iFFT(fpr *f, unsigned logn) { /* * Inverse FFT algorithm in bit-reversal order uses the following * iterative algorithm: * * t = 1 * for m = N; m > 1; m /= 2: * hm = m/2 * dt = t*2 * for i1 = 0; i1 < hm; i1 ++: * j1 = i1 * dt * s = iGM[hm + i1] * for j = j1; j < (j1 + t); j ++: * x = f[j] * y = f[j + t] * f[j] = x + y * f[j + t] = s * (x - y) * t = dt * for i1 = 0; i1 < N; i1 ++: * f[i1] = f[i1] / N * * iGM[k] contains (1/w)^rev(k) for primitive root w = exp(i*pi/N) * (actually, iGM[k] = 1/GM[k] = conj(GM[k])). * * In the main loop (not counting the final division loop), in * all iterations except the last, the first and second half of f[] * (as an array of complex numbers) are separate. In our chosen * representation, we do not keep the second half. * * The last iteration recombines the recomputed half with the * implicit half, and should yield only real numbers since the * target polynomial is real; moreover, s = i at that step. * Thus, when considering x and y: * y = conj(x) since the final f[j] must be real * Therefore, f[j] is filled with 2*Re(x), and f[j + t] is * filled with 2*Im(x). * But we already have Re(x) and Im(x) in array slots j and j+t * in our chosen representation. That last iteration is thus a * simple doubling of the values in all the array. * * We make the last iteration a no-op by tweaking the final * division into a division by N/2, not N. */ size_t u, n, hn, t, m; n = (size_t)1 << logn; t = 1; m = n; hn = n >> 1; for (u = logn; u > 1; u --) { size_t hm, dt, i1, j1; hm = m >> 1; dt = t << 1; for (i1 = 0, j1 = 0; j1 < hn; i1 ++, j1 += dt) { size_t j, j2; j2 = j1 + t; fpr s_re, s_im; s_re = fpr_gm_tab[((hm + i1) << 1) + 0]; s_im = fpr_neg(fpr_gm_tab[((hm + i1) << 1) + 1]); for (j = j1; j < j2; j ++) { fpr x_re, x_im, y_re, y_im; x_re = f[j]; x_im = f[j + hn]; y_re = f[j + t]; y_im = f[j + t + hn]; FPC_ADD(f[j], f[j + hn], x_re, x_im, y_re, y_im); FPC_SUB(x_re, x_im, x_re, x_im, y_re, y_im); FPC_MUL(f[j + t], f[j + t + hn], x_re, x_im, s_re, s_im); } } t = dt; m = hm; } /* * Last iteration is a no-op, provided that we divide by N/2 * instead of N. We need to make a special case for logn = 0. */ if (logn > 0) { fpr ni; ni = fpr_p2_tab[logn]; for (u = 0; u < n; u ++) { f[u] = fpr_mul(f[u], ni); } } } /* see inner.h */ void PQCLEAN_FALCON512_CLEAN_poly_add( fpr *a, const fpr *b, unsigned logn) { size_t n, u; n = (size_t)1 << logn; for (u = 0; u < n; u ++) { a[u] = fpr_add(a[u], b[u]); } } /* see inner.h */ void PQCLEAN_FALCON512_CLEAN_poly_sub( fpr *a, const fpr *b, unsigned logn) { size_t n, u; n = (size_t)1 << logn; for (u = 0; u < n; u ++) { a[u] = fpr_sub(a[u], b[u]); } } /* see inner.h */ void PQCLEAN_FALCON512_CLEAN_poly_neg(fpr *a, unsigned logn) { size_t n, u; n = (size_t)1 << logn; for (u = 0; u < n; u ++) { a[u] = fpr_neg(a[u]); } } /* see inner.h */ void PQCLEAN_FALCON512_CLEAN_poly_adj_fft(fpr *a, unsigned logn) { size_t n, u; n = (size_t)1 << logn; for (u = (n >> 1); u < n; u ++) { a[u] = fpr_neg(a[u]); } } /* see inner.h */ void PQCLEAN_FALCON512_CLEAN_poly_mul_fft( fpr *a, const fpr *b, unsigned logn) { size_t n, hn, u; n = (size_t)1 << logn; hn = n >> 1; for (u = 0; u < hn; u ++) { fpr a_re, a_im, b_re, b_im; a_re = a[u]; a_im = a[u + hn]; b_re = b[u]; b_im = b[u + hn]; FPC_MUL(a[u], a[u + hn], a_re, a_im, b_re, b_im); } } /* see inner.h */ void PQCLEAN_FALCON512_CLEAN_poly_muladj_fft( fpr *a, const fpr *b, unsigned logn) { size_t n, hn, u; n = (size_t)1 << logn; hn = n >> 1; for (u = 0; u < hn; u ++) { fpr a_re, a_im, b_re, b_im; a_re = a[u]; a_im = a[u + hn]; b_re = b[u]; b_im = fpr_neg(b[u + hn]); FPC_MUL(a[u], a[u + hn], a_re, a_im, b_re, b_im); } } /* see inner.h */ void PQCLEAN_FALCON512_CLEAN_poly_mulselfadj_fft(fpr *a, unsigned logn) { /* * Since each coefficient is multiplied with its own conjugate, * the result contains only real values. */ size_t n, hn, u; n = (size_t)1 << logn; hn = n >> 1; for (u = 0; u < hn; u ++) { fpr a_re, a_im; a_re = a[u]; a_im = a[u + hn]; a[u] = fpr_add(fpr_sqr(a_re), fpr_sqr(a_im)); a[u + hn] = fpr_zero; } } /* see inner.h */ void PQCLEAN_FALCON512_CLEAN_poly_mulconst(fpr *a, fpr x, unsigned logn) { size_t n, u; n = (size_t)1 << logn; for (u = 0; u < n; u ++) { a[u] = fpr_mul(a[u], x); } } /* see inner.h */ void PQCLEAN_FALCON512_CLEAN_poly_div_fft( fpr *a, const fpr *b, unsigned logn) { size_t n, hn, u; n = (size_t)1 << logn; hn = n >> 1; for (u = 0; u < hn; u ++) { fpr a_re, a_im, b_re, b_im; a_re = a[u]; a_im = a[u + hn]; b_re = b[u]; b_im = b[u + hn]; FPC_DIV(a[u], a[u + hn], a_re, a_im, b_re, b_im); } } /* see inner.h */ void PQCLEAN_FALCON512_CLEAN_poly_invnorm2_fft(fpr *d, const fpr *a, const fpr *b, unsigned logn) { size_t n, hn, u; n = (size_t)1 << logn; hn = n >> 1; for (u = 0; u < hn; u ++) { fpr a_re, a_im; fpr b_re, b_im; a_re = a[u]; a_im = a[u + hn]; b_re = b[u]; b_im = b[u + hn]; d[u] = fpr_inv(fpr_add( fpr_add(fpr_sqr(a_re), fpr_sqr(a_im)), fpr_add(fpr_sqr(b_re), fpr_sqr(b_im)))); } } /* see inner.h */ void PQCLEAN_FALCON512_CLEAN_poly_add_muladj_fft(fpr *d, const fpr *F, const fpr *G, const fpr *f, const fpr *g, unsigned logn) { size_t n, hn, u; n = (size_t)1 << logn; hn = n >> 1; for (u = 0; u < hn; u ++) { fpr F_re, F_im, G_re, G_im; fpr f_re, f_im, g_re, g_im; fpr a_re, a_im, b_re, b_im; F_re = F[u]; F_im = F[u + hn]; G_re = G[u]; G_im = G[u + hn]; f_re = f[u]; f_im = f[u + hn]; g_re = g[u]; g_im = g[u + hn]; FPC_MUL(a_re, a_im, F_re, F_im, f_re, fpr_neg(f_im)); FPC_MUL(b_re, b_im, G_re, G_im, g_re, fpr_neg(g_im)); d[u] = fpr_add(a_re, b_re); d[u + hn] = fpr_add(a_im, b_im); } } /* see inner.h */ void PQCLEAN_FALCON512_CLEAN_poly_mul_autoadj_fft( fpr *a, const fpr *b, unsigned logn) { size_t n, hn, u; n = (size_t)1 << logn; hn = n >> 1; for (u = 0; u < hn; u ++) { a[u] = fpr_mul(a[u], b[u]); a[u + hn] = fpr_mul(a[u + hn], b[u]); } } /* see inner.h */ void PQCLEAN_FALCON512_CLEAN_poly_div_autoadj_fft( fpr *a, const fpr *b, unsigned logn) { size_t n, hn, u; n = (size_t)1 << logn; hn = n >> 1; for (u = 0; u < hn; u ++) { fpr ib; ib = fpr_inv(b[u]); a[u] = fpr_mul(a[u], ib); a[u + hn] = fpr_mul(a[u + hn], ib); } } /* see inner.h */ void PQCLEAN_FALCON512_CLEAN_poly_LDL_fft( const fpr *g00, fpr *g01, fpr *g11, unsigned logn) { size_t n, hn, u; n = (size_t)1 << logn; hn = n >> 1; for (u = 0; u < hn; u ++) { fpr g00_re, g00_im, g01_re, g01_im, g11_re, g11_im; fpr mu_re, mu_im; g00_re = g00[u]; g00_im = g00[u + hn]; g01_re = g01[u]; g01_im = g01[u + hn]; g11_re = g11[u]; g11_im = g11[u + hn]; FPC_DIV(mu_re, mu_im, g01_re, g01_im, g00_re, g00_im); FPC_MUL(g01_re, g01_im, mu_re, mu_im, g01_re, fpr_neg(g01_im)); FPC_SUB(g11[u], g11[u + hn], g11_re, g11_im, g01_re, g01_im); g01[u] = mu_re; g01[u + hn] = fpr_neg(mu_im); } } /* see inner.h */ void PQCLEAN_FALCON512_CLEAN_poly_LDLmv_fft( fpr *d11, fpr *l10, const fpr *g00, const fpr *g01, const fpr *g11, unsigned logn) { size_t n, hn, u; n = (size_t)1 << logn; hn = n >> 1; for (u = 0; u < hn; u ++) { fpr g00_re, g00_im, g01_re, g01_im, g11_re, g11_im; fpr mu_re, mu_im; g00_re = g00[u]; g00_im = g00[u + hn]; g01_re = g01[u]; g01_im = g01[u + hn]; g11_re = g11[u]; g11_im = g11[u + hn]; FPC_DIV(mu_re, mu_im, g01_re, g01_im, g00_re, g00_im); FPC_MUL(g01_re, g01_im, mu_re, mu_im, g01_re, fpr_neg(g01_im)); FPC_SUB(d11[u], d11[u + hn], g11_re, g11_im, g01_re, g01_im); l10[u] = mu_re; l10[u + hn] = fpr_neg(mu_im); } } /* see inner.h */ void PQCLEAN_FALCON512_CLEAN_poly_split_fft( fpr *f0, fpr *f1, const fpr *f, unsigned logn) { /* * The FFT representation we use is in bit-reversed order * (element i contains f(w^(rev(i))), where rev() is the * bit-reversal function over the ring degree. This changes * indexes with regards to the Falcon specification. */ size_t n, hn, qn, u; n = (size_t)1 << logn; hn = n >> 1; qn = hn >> 1; /* * We process complex values by pairs. For logn = 1, there is only * one complex value (the other one is the implicit conjugate), * so we add the two lines below because the loop will be * skipped. */ f0[0] = f[0]; f1[0] = f[hn]; for (u = 0; u < qn; u ++) { fpr a_re, a_im, b_re, b_im; fpr t_re, t_im; a_re = f[(u << 1) + 0]; a_im = f[(u << 1) + 0 + hn]; b_re = f[(u << 1) + 1]; b_im = f[(u << 1) + 1 + hn]; FPC_ADD(t_re, t_im, a_re, a_im, b_re, b_im); f0[u] = fpr_half(t_re); f0[u + qn] = fpr_half(t_im); FPC_SUB(t_re, t_im, a_re, a_im, b_re, b_im); FPC_MUL(t_re, t_im, t_re, t_im, fpr_gm_tab[((u + hn) << 1) + 0], fpr_neg(fpr_gm_tab[((u + hn) << 1) + 1])); f1[u] = fpr_half(t_re); f1[u + qn] = fpr_half(t_im); } } /* see inner.h */ void PQCLEAN_FALCON512_CLEAN_poly_merge_fft( fpr *f, const fpr *f0, const fpr *f1, unsigned logn) { size_t n, hn, qn, u; n = (size_t)1 << logn; hn = n >> 1; qn = hn >> 1; /* * An extra copy to handle the special case logn = 1. */ f[0] = f0[0]; f[hn] = f1[0]; for (u = 0; u < qn; u ++) { fpr a_re, a_im, b_re, b_im; fpr t_re, t_im; a_re = f0[u]; a_im = f0[u + qn]; FPC_MUL(b_re, b_im, f1[u], f1[u + qn], fpr_gm_tab[((u + hn) << 1) + 0], fpr_gm_tab[((u + hn) << 1) + 1]); FPC_ADD(t_re, t_im, a_re, a_im, b_re, b_im); f[(u << 1) + 0] = t_re; f[(u << 1) + 0 + hn] = t_im; FPC_SUB(t_re, t_im, a_re, a_im, b_re, b_im); f[(u << 1) + 1] = t_re; f[(u << 1) + 1 + hn] = t_im; } }