Although the DTLS transport layer logic drops failed writes on the floor, it is
actually set up to work correctly. If an SSL_write fails at the transport,
dropping the buffer is fine. Arguably it works better than in TLS because we
don't have the weird "half-committed to data" behavior. Likewise, the handshake
keeps track of how far its gotten and resumes the message at the right point.

This broke when the buffering logic was rewritten because I didn't understand
what the DTLS code was doing. The one thing that doesn't work as one might
expect is non-fatal write errors during rexmit are not recoverable. The next
timeout must fire before we try again.

This code is quite badly sprinkled in here, so add tests to guard it against
future turbulence. Because of the rexmit issues, the tests need some hacks
around calls which may trigger them. It also changes the Go DTLS implementation
from being completely strict about sequence numbers to only requiring they be
monotonic.

The tests also revealed another bug. This one seems to be upstream's fault, not
mine. The logic to reset the handshake hash on the second ClientHello (in the
HelloVerifyRequest case) was a little overenthusiastic and breaks if the
ClientHello took multiple tries to send.

Change-Id: I9b38b93fff7ae62faf8e36c4beaf848850b3f4b9
Reviewed-on: https://boringssl-review.googlesource.com/6417
Reviewed-by: Adam Langley <agl@google.com>